Subject and Verb
Simple Past
Simple Past Tense is used to declare an act or event that happened in the past and there is no relationship at all to the present.
The formula:
1. Pattern A (Nominal Sentence)
S + To Be (was, were) + + Non Verb .....
You / They / We + To Be (were)
I / He / She / It + To Be (was)
2. Pattern B (Verbal Sentence)
+ S + Verb II ....
I / You / We / They / He / She / It + Verb II
I. Simple Past Tense:
1) They ___ to Jakarta last night
a) Go c) Going
b) Went d) Goes
2) I ___ in Bali last night
a) Was c) Are
b) Were d) Am
3) ___ Arief watch TV last Sunday?
a) Did c) Does
b) Do d) Do not
4) He ___ to school yesterday
a) Walking c) Walked
b) Walk d) Walks
5) Mary ___ her homework ___
a) Does not & Tonight c)
Did & Now
b) Did & Last night d)
Do & Yesterday
6) I (go / went / gone /) to the mall after school.
7) My brother (seen / saw / see) a bear an hour ago.
8) (Did / Are / Does) Mike visit his grandmother last night?
9) Alex did not (work / worked / working) last weekend.
10) (Was / Were / Are) Judy and Liz at last month's meeting?
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense is a form of sentence which states an act that has been done (in the past) and have completed at the present time. The past can now, was, yesterday, last week, last month, last year, and so on.
a. Used to declare an act or event that occurred in the past and still nothing to do with the present.
b. Used to declare an event or act has occurred.
c. Used untun showed an event or action replay that the timing is not certain. In this case frequently used words ever, never, before, already.
d. Used to propose an act or event which finished in a short time. For the often used words such as at, last, finally, just, recently.
II. Present Perfect Tense
1) I ___ in Bali before
a) Have been c) Having been
b) Had been d) Ever had
2) ___ English since three ago
a) I have teach
b) I having teaching
c) I have taught
d) I had taught
3) John ___ in the same house since 1962
a) Has lived c) Having live
b) Had live d) Have living
4) Have you ___ your bread
a) Eaten
b) Ate
c) Eating
d) Was eat
5) We report our ___
a) Have already written
b) Had already writing
c) Having already written
d) Has already Written
6) I that movie twenty times. (Have seen)
7) I thinki him once before. (Have met)
8) There many Earthquakes in California. (Have been)
9) People to the Moon. (Have Traveled)
10) People to Mars. (Have not Traveled)
Active & Passive Voice
Active voice (active voice) is the subject of his sentence which does the job, on the contrary, the passive voice (passive voice) is a sentence in which the subject is the work by object sentences. Active voice is more often used in everyday life than the passive voice. Nevertheless, we often find the passive voice in the newspapers, articles in magazines and scholarly writings. Passive voice is used as the object of the active voice is more important information than its subject.
Example:
Active: We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Based on the example above, the passive voice follow the following pattern:
Verb3 + Subject + be + by + Object + modifier
1) She buys a book
a) A book is bought by her
b) An eBook is bought by her
c) A book is buy by her
d) An eBook is buying by her
2) She eats an apple
a) An apple is eat by her
b) A is eating apple by her
c) An apple is eaten by her
d) A apple is eat by her
3) They played football
a) Football was played by Them
b) Football are playing by Them
c) Football was playing by Them
d) Football play by them are
4) He brings some book
a) Some books are brought by him
b) Are book was buy by him
c) An eBook was buying by him
d) Some book was buy by him
5) I just finished my home work now (Active)
My
homework was finished just now by me (Passive)
6) They kill the dogs (Active)
The
dogs were killed by Them (Passive)
7) He does not do his assignment (Active)
His
assigment is not done him (Passive)
8) I read a news paper everymorning (Active)
A
news paper is read by me (Passive)
9) He sold his car (Active)
His
car sold by him (Passive)
10) Father buys a house news (Active)
A
new house is bought by father (Passive)
Question Tags
Question tags are short questions are included at the end of a sentence to
make a question. Example:
Sentence: - She speaks English.
Sentence: - She speaks English.
Question: - Does she speak English?
Question Tag: - She speaks English, does not she?
Form
Question tag formed from an auxiliary verb and the subject. If the sentence is positive, we usually use a negative tag, for example:
· That's a great song, is not it?
· She's a lawyer, is not she?
If negative sentences, we use a positive tag. Example:
· You're not busy, are you?
· This way is not right, is it?
Auxiliary verb and the subject in question tags correspond to those of the
main sentence. Only the form of positive and negative changes. Example:
He can play the trumpet, can not he?
· You have not finished yet, have you?
On the subject of the above sentence is colored blue, and green colors auxiliary verb. The change is only part of the question is positive or negative.
Positive Tags: SUBJECT + CAPITAL?
Negative Tags: CAPITAL + + NOT SUBJECT?
1. Handy likes swimming, .....?
Answer: he does not
2. I'm your best friend, .....?
Answer: are not I
3. They work in our factory, .....?
Answer: do not they
4. The boys know Mrs. Lynn's address, ....?
Answer: do not they
5. The man sells fruits, ....?
Answer: he does not
6. We met them last night, ....?
Answer: did we
7. You can handle it, ....?
Answer: you can not
8. Your sister has a cute cat, ....?
Answer: she does not
9. The tigers eat meat, .....?
Answer: do not they
10. I have invited you, ....?
Answer: I have not
Auxiliaries
capital
Auxiliaries capital is an auxiliary verb such as will, may, can, could, should, would, used to, need to be used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. Combination helping verbs with main verbs creates what is called a verb or verb phrase string.Kata this kind of work is a helping verb verbs (verb) express several meanings such as OBLIGATION, POSSIBILITY, PERMISSION, ABILITY (something which is a must)
Modals:
- Must = Must
- Must = Must
- Can, Could = Will
- Will, Would = Will
- Shall, Should = Will
- May, Might = Maybe
- Ought to = should
CAPITAL PATTERN auxiliaries:
* (?) CAPITAL + S + V1
Can she do the test?
Will we go to the hospital?
* (+) S + V1 + CAPITAL
She can do the test.
We will go to the hospital
* (-) S + V1 + CAPITAL NOT
She can not do the test.
We will not go to the hospital.
* (?) CAPITAL + S + V1
Can she do the test?
Will we go to the hospital?
Exercise:
1. I do not have enough money to buy lunch. ____ You lend me a couple of dollars?
A.
Could B. May C. Shall
2. That ice is dangerously thin now. ____ You go ice-skating today.
A.
Might not B. Would not mind to C.
Mustn't
3. It's way past my bedtime and I'm really tired. ____ I go to bed.
A. Should
B. Would C. Could
4. He ____ not have committed this crime. He was not even in the city that night.
A. Shouldn `t B. Might C.
Could
5. You seem to be having trouble there. ____I Help you?
A. Would B. Will C. Shall
6. Teddy got a bed score for his examination, study hard for next ____
A. Should have Studied B.
Could have Studied C. Might
have Studied
7. My father ____ play guitar when he was child
A. Shall B. Can C. Could
8. I have been invited my friends to come, They'll be there tomorrow
A.
Would B. Could C. Should
9. The sky so dark, it be rain
A. May B.
Might C. Should
10. There `sa baby area, you smoke here.
A. Ought to B. Must not C. Should not
Object Of Preposition
PrepositionsPreposition is a word that can not change its shape and is usually placed in front of a noun or noun (noun-equivalent, including pronoun) to show a particular relationship with the other words in the sentence.
Noun or noun equivalent is called the object:
I put the book on the table.
Word in the sentence is on the word (preposition).
A. Adverb, phrase, or noun clause that can be used as an object for the preposition.
1) The word description of an object
Some adverbs of time or place can be used as an object for the preposition that shows the relationship of time or place:
Example: He has Studied hard from then till now. He had studied diligently from that time until now
2) The phrase as an object
Adverbial phrase (ie a phrase that does not end with a preposition or conjunction) can be used as an object of a preposition:
Example: She did not return till about a week afterwards.
3) noun clause (noun clause) as objects
Noun clauses (clauses that do the work of a noun) can be the object of the preposition in the same way as nouns and pronouns:
Example: My departure will depend upon Whether I get leave or not.
B. Preposition form
1) Simple preposition (single preposition)
after (post), at (in, on), by (by, on, by, near), for (for, for, for, for), from (of), of (from, of, since), over (above), on (above, on), in (in, inside), through (through), to (to, to), off (apart from, away), till / until (up, up), under (below), up (up, down), with (at, at) and so on.
2) Double prepositionDouble preposition is used when a single preposition is not enough to express understanding.
into (inside), onto (above), from under (from the bottom), from among (from among), from off (off of), from within (from the inside), over against (leaning on / to), and forth.
3) Compound preposition
It was formed from the noun, adjective or adverb is combined with the preposition "be" (= by) or "a" (= on)
across (on cross = across), long (long), amidst (on middle = in the middle), behind (in the back), about (around, about), above (at the top), before (in advance) , amongst (among more than two), below (below), beneath (under), beside (next, next), besides (in addition), between (among the two), beyond (outside), but (except), within (inside), without (without).
4) Participal preposition
pending = pending
during = for, at the time
Notwithstanding = though
past = past
except = except
save = save
considering = recall
touching = concerning = regarding = on
owing to = because
5) preposition Phrase
Two or more words that are usually arranged in a series of words and ended with a single quotable phrase preposition preposition.
Because of = caused by, for
by means of = to wear
by reason of = because of, relating to
for the purpose of = with intent
for the sake of = for
in consequence of = because
in lieu of = as a substitute
in place of = in lieu
in point of = about
in behalf of = for the sake of
in the event of = if (if only), in which case, if
in the place of = in lieu
in view of = because, given the
in front of = in advance
in Opposition to = opposed to
in spite of = though
instead of = as a replacement, rather than
on account of = because
on behalf of = the name
on the score of = because
upon the subject of = about
with a view to = with intent to
with respect to the reference to =
with regard to = respect, the
with respect to the relation to =
with respect to = respect, the
with the pupose of = with intent
5) disquised preposition
He has gone a-hunting.
C. Use of prepositions
1) Differences special use prepositions are often confusing
At, in (place = place)
In the name commonly used in the country and big city, or in front of the name of the place where a person at the time of speaking. While at the name used in small towns and villages, or at the time talking about a distant place.
I passed my holidays at peak.
He lives in London.
At, in, on (time = time)
Used at the right time, for example, at two o'clock, at dawn, at noon, at sunset, at midnight, and so on. In use with a passage of time, for example in the morning, in June, in summer, in 1997, in the year 1997, and so on. On worn by the name or date, for example, on Saturday, on August 10, on New Year's Day, and so on.
I usually get up at six o'clock.
He takes a walk in the afternoon.
The ship will arrive on Monday.
At, for (price = price)
At used if the money was not given. Whereas if it is used for the actual amount of money is mentioned.
I can not buy the goods at such a high price.
He bought a book for ten dollars.
Beside, besides
Beside means next to, beside. While besides means in addition, besides.
He came and sat beside me.
We study German besides English.
Between, among
Between is used for between two people, while among more than two
I sat between the two of them.
Divide the apple among you three.
By, with
something when we USE TO DO something: I paint the wall with brush
When we JOIN TO DO something someone: Jimmy goes to school with his sister
We may also use "with" to meand "against": I quarrelled with my best friend.
By dealing with the perpetrator, whereas with the tools used
This book was written by me.
This letter was written with a fountain pen.
By, before, since
This all used to a certain extent.
You must be back by five o'clock.
She did not get back before five o'clock.
She has been here since five o'clock.
In, after
I will finish it in three hours.
He died after a few days.
In, into
She spent all the afternoon in her room.
She came into the room and sat down.
To, at
To be used to declare the motion from one place to another, while at used to indicate the position or absence of motion.
We come to school every morning.
Somebody is standing at the door.
To, till
To be used with distance and till the time.
We walked to the the tennis court and back.
I shall stay here till next week.
2) Differences general use prepositions according to what is stated
Rhyme or reason stated by of, from, through, for, Because of, in consequence of or owing to.
Example:
He died of cancer.
He almost died from fatigue.
She could not speak for grief.
Owing to bad health, be could not work.
Result is expressed by the preposition to.
Example:
To our surprise, he was not successful.
The king has engaged in war to his ruin.
Possession is expressed by the preposition of, except that the genitive suffix is used for
this purpose.
Example: The house of my uncle is very big.
Exchange, or the fact of the object / creature disalahkirakan / mistaken object / creature to another, otherwise by for.
Example: She gave me two dollars for that book.
Substitution / replacement is expressed by a prepositional phrase instead of, in lieu of, in the place of, and sometimes by the preposition for.
Example: You had better work instead of idling away your time.
Pronouns are words used instead of nouns. Pronoun is a word used as a substitute for a noun
Opposition or resistance expressed by with or against, while the agreed actions expressed by for.
Example:
He was deeply offended with me.
I did it against my better judgment.
They ACTED for the public interest.
Expressed by the difference or contrast with, for, after, Notwithstanding, and sometimes by expressions such as in spite of.
Example:
With all his weight he is not a strong man.
He is a good man, for all that.
After all his labor, he has failed.
Adjustment or conformity is declared by after or to.
Example:
He's a man after my own heart.
This coffee is quite to my taste.
Exceptions stated except, but, save.
Example:
All failed except him.
All three but you may go.
All save one were successful.
An idea expressed by the apposition of.
Example:
The city of Jakarta.
The island of Bali.
Material, content and nature is expressed by the preposition of.
Example:
Tables are usually made of wood.
He drinks a cup of coffe every morning.
He is a man of good character.
Rating something or rate (interest) is expressed by the preposition at.
Example:
This must be done at any rate.
He lends out money at three per cent.Dose or size is expressed by the preposition by.
Example: Do not judge of a man by his words or by his looks.
Limit or level expressed by the preposition to or up to.
Example:
He paid his debts to the last cent.
He remained faithful to the last.
Subject matter, subject expressed by of, on, about, concerning, as to, regarding, in regard to, with regard to, in respect to.
Example:
This is a book about Proverbs.
I have no preference as to color.
I have something to say in respect to our business.
Conclusion, the reason (motive), and the source is expressed by the preposition from.
Example:
From what I have seen of him, he seems to be a good man.
He did it from ignorance.
He is sprung from a noble Ancestry.Direction or goals expressed by the preposition at, on, upon, for and to.
Example:
The Troops marched on the town.
He Aimed his gun at the wild boar.
The appointment to the intent, principal or special case of certain declared by and in, and is usually preceded by a preposition adjective certain.
Example:
He's free of responsibility.
He's honest in word and deed.Balance is expressed by to, and the comparison is expressed by than.
Example:
I will bet you five to one on his success.
He did nothing else than laugh.
Jobs or positions expressed by at, in or about.
Example:
He is at his old tricks again.
He engaged himself in business.
You may go about your business.
The swearing is expressed by the preposition by.
Example: I swear by the name of God.Preparation for a specific event that is coming against stated.
Example: Get all the men together against the arrival of the chief.
The mention of a certain portion of the overall expressed as turns by of.
Example: Many of the Wounded did not recover.
Distinction that one person or thing from another, expressed by from.
Example: He can tell apples from peaches.
Separation or the fact that the objects are beyond or apart from the other, sometimes expressed by from, of or off and sometimes by out of.
Example:
He's away from home.
He was within an inch of being killed by a random shot.
We are off duty today, but Marshall on duty again tomorrow.
By the above stated advantages and properties of low or non-compliance by the stated beneath.
Example:
He is above suspicion.
His conduct is beneath contempt.
Authority or power expressed by conquest or over and under the circumstances stated by the authority or under the influence.
Example:
Since you have been placed over me, I must obey.
She is quite under your thumb.
