INTRODUCTION
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Alhamdulillhahirabil'alamin, praise and gratitude the presence of GOD
Almighty. As the creator of all life that we see, we hear and we think that
always gives grace, His guidance and inayah so I can finish the task this soft
skill courses. Blessings and greetings may remain devoted to the great Prophet
Muhammad and his family, friends, and followers remain unchanged until the end
yaumil.
Thanks and deep gratitude, the author goes to dear old Dad and mom who has
raised and taught me with patience, compassion, prayer and a stream of sweat
that flows during this life. Really, Dad and Mom love is the most beautiful
gift that can not be replaced by anything else.
On this occasion, the author would also like to thank with sincere heart to
all those who have assisted in the completion of this paper may Allah always
reciprocate with kindness doubled.
The author realizes that the preparation of this paper is far from perfect,
therefore, the authors expect criticism and constructive suggestions for the
improvement of all parties in the future. Finally, hopefully the good deeds
that have been given by all parties to the author, gets just reward from Allah
SWT. Authors hope this paper may be beneficial for all parties.
CHAPTER. I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
In general, subjects in the economy can be divided in
several ways, most notably the microeconomics
vs. macroeconomics. In addition, the economic subjects can also
be divided into positive (descriptive) vs. normative,
mainstream vs. heterodox,
and others. Economics
also functioned as
a family of applied science
in management, business, and government. Economic
theory can also be used in areas other than monetary,
such as the study of criminal behavior, scientific research, death, politics,
health, education, family and others. This
is possible because the economy is
basically as mentioned above
is the study of human choice.
This paper aims to
fulfill one soft skill courses and learn
the basics of economics and economic principal
problems.
Hopefully, this paper can
be useful as a literature review of information or materials to know the basics of economics in a nutshell. This paper can also be used
to increase the repertoire of our knowledge in the basic
knowledge of economics and the basis for the
development of other economic matter.
CHAPTER. II
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
A. Definitions and Methodology of Economics
Indonesian From Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia Indonesia.
Economics
is the science which studies human behavior in selecting and creating
prosperity. Core economic problem is the imbalance between human needs are not
limited to the means of satisfying the needs of a limited number. The problem
then causing scarcity (scarcity).
The word
"economy" itself comes from the Greek words (oikos) which means
"family, household" and (nomos), or "rules, regulations,
laws," and broadly defined as "home rule" or "household
management . "While that is an economic expert or economist is a person
using economic concepts and data in the work.
In
general, subjects in the economy can be divided in several ways, most notably
the microeconomics vs. macroeconomics. In addition, the economic subjects can
also be divided into positive (descriptive) vs. normative, mainstream vs.
heterodox, and others. Economics also functioned as a family of applied science
in management, business, and government. Economic theory can also be used in
areas other than monetary, such as the study of criminal behavior, scientific
research, death, politics, health, education, family and others. This is
possible because the dasarnyaekonomi as mentioned above is the study of human
choice.
There is
an increasing trend to apply the ideas and methods of economics in a broader
context. The focus of the economic analysis are "decision-making" in
a variety of areas where people faced choices. such as education, marriage,
health, law, crime, war, and religion. Gary Beckerdari University of Chicago is
a pioneer of this trend. In his articles he explained that the economy should
not be confirmed by the subject matter, but should be defined as an approach to
explain human behavior. This opinion is sometimes described as economic imperialism
by some critics.
Many
mainstream economists feel that the combination of theory with existing data is
sufficient to make us understand phenomena in the world. Economics will undergo
major changes in ideas, concepts, and methods; although in the opinion of
critics, sometimes these changes actually damage true concept that does not
correspond to the reality. This raises the question "what should be done
the economists? "The traditional Chicago School, with its emphasis on
economics being an empirical science Aimed at explaining real-world phenomena,
has INSISTED on the powerfulness of price theory as the tool of analysis. On
the other hand, some economic theorists have formed the view that a consistent
economic theory may be useful even if at present no real world economy bears
out its prediction.
Historical development economics
Adam
Smith is often referred to as the first developing economics in the 18th
century as a separate branch in science. Through the great work Wealth of
Nations, Smith tried to find out the history of the development of the
countries in Europe. As an economist, Smith does not forget the roots of
morality, especially that contained in The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
Historical development of economic thought and then continues with generating
figures such as Alfred Marshall, JM Keynes, Karl Marx, to the winner of the
Nobel Prize for Economics in 2006, Edmund Phelps.
Broadly
speaking, the development of schools of thought in economics preceded by what
is known as the classical flow. Flow is primarily spearheaded by Adam Smith's
invisible hand to emphasize the existence of the division of resources, and
therefore the role of government to be very limited because it would disrupt
this process. Concept invisble hand is then represented as a market mechanism
through rates as the main instrument.
Classical
flow experienced failure after the Great Depression of the 1930s which showed
that the market was not able to react to the turmoil in the stock market. As
penanding classical flow, Keynes proposed the theory in his book General Theory
of Employment, Interest, and Moneyyang stated that the market is not always
able to create a balance, and therefore government intervention should be done
so that the distribution of resources to meet their goal. The two streams are
then each "fight" in the world ilmuekonomi and generate many variants
of both such as: new classical, neo-classical, new Keynesian, monetarist, and
so forth.
However,
developments in this thinking is also growing in the other direction, such as
the theory of class conflict of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as well as
institutional flow that first developed by Thorstein Veblen et al and then by
Nobel laureate Douglass C. North.
Methodology
Often
referred to as the queen of the social sciences, economics has developed a
series of quantitative methods to analyze economic phenomena. January Tinbergen
in the aftermath of World War II is one of the main pioneers of the science of
econometrics, which combines mathematics, statistics, and economic theory.
Another stronghold of quantitative methods in economics is a General
Equilibrium Model (general equilibrium), which uses the concept of the flow of
money in society, from one economic agent to another agent. Two quantitative
methods are then developed rapidly until almost all economic papers are now
using one of them in his analysis. On the other hand, qualitative methods are
also similar development was primarily driven by the limitations of
quantitative methods in explaining behavior change agents.
B. Key Issues Economic Price Mechanism
and Influence
Basic
economic problems faced by every society, namely the problem of scarcity or
lack. Based on the description of the basic economic problem will be formulated
definition of economics.
1 Economic
Issues and Needs to Make a Choice
In the daily
life of individuals, companies and society as a whole will always face the
problems of economic nature ... "What is meant by economic activity?"
Economic
activity can be defined as a person's activities or a company or a society to
produce goods and services and consume (use) of goods and services.
The
scarcity or lack of effect as a result of the imbalance between the needs of
the community with the factors of production are available in the community.
Factors of production that can be used to produce such goods is relatively
limited. Therefore people can not obtain and enjoy all the possessions they
need or want. They need to make and make a selection.
Intended
to community needs is people's desire to consume goods and services. Some goods
and services are diimportdari abroad. But mostly produced domestically. The
desire to acquire goods and services to the two forms can be distinguished:
1)
The desire is accompanied by the ability
to buy.
Desire accompanied
by the ability to buy the so-called effective demand. Based on the item of
interest in human life. The goods are differentiated to inferior goods (eg
salted fish and cassava), essential goods (eg rice, sugar and coffee), normal
goods (eg clothes and books) and luxury goods (eg, cars and gold). Based on how
the use of the goods by the public. These goods are divided into private goods
(eg food, clothing and cars) and public goods (eg roads, traffic lights and
beacons).
2)
The desire that is not accompanied by
the ability to buy.
Factors of production
The
second economic issue is what is consumed and by whom. What is consumed by the
distinguished in-faltor factors of production. What is meant by the factors of
production are the objects that are provided by nature or created by man which
can be used to produce goods and services. The factors of production are
available in the economy distinguished the four types, namely:
1)
Land and natural resources, produsi
factor is provided by nature. The factors of production include land, minerals,
forest products and natural resources such as water can be used as capital is
dammed for irrigation or for power generation.
2). Labor, factors of production is not only
the number of workers who are in the economy. Understanding labor and skills
include expertise. In terms of labor skills and education can be divided into
three categories, namely: unskilled workers, skilled and educated workforce.
3). Capital, the factors of production is
created by the human body and is used to produce the goods and services
required.
4). Expertise keusahawanan, the form factor
of production expertise and capacity of the employer to establish and develop a
range of business activities. Kealian keusahawanan includes three proficiency
organize the resources or factors of production effectively and efficiently so
that their business can succeed and thrive and provide goods and services to
the public.
Unemployment Rate and Inflation
In his book, Samuelson Nordhaus wrote the main fundamentals of an economy.
According to Samuelson, Economics is the study of how groups of people choose
to use limited production resources that have alternative uses, to produce
various commodities and distribute them to other groups.
Supplies are limited because people have the desire (desire) that is
greater than what can be produced by an economic process. Economic objects is
limited, so people have to use and choose among the items that the limited
number that can be produced with existing resources.
Production efficiency occurs when all available resources is done so that
the maximum rank on production can not be increased further without
compromising / reduce the production of other goods. If too much unemployment,
then the inefficiency of human resources so that the economy was on the charts
PPF (production-possibility frontier).
C. Economic system
1.
Traditional Systems
Traditional economic system is a
system in which the behavior is based primarily on traditions, customs, and
habits. There is little change in the pattern of goods produced from year to
year, other than those caused by natural odd levels. Production technique also
follows the traditional pattern except when there are new discoveries effects
that occur once in a while. Akhirmya production is allocated among the members
according to the long-standing tradition.
Economic system such as this are
best in an environment that does not change. In the static condition of a
system that does not require people to continually make the choice can be shown
to be effective in meeting economic and social needs.
2.
Guided System
In guided systems, economic behavior
is determined by the kind of central authority that took most of the necessary
decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets it. This
economy is characterized by centralized decision-making. To protect the
economic actors of this system can be used to determine economic policy. An
example is in determining the price increase power and fuel oil and gas. The
government must determine how much the price kanaikan that demands on natural
resources and the production can still be met.
3.
Market System
In this economic system of resource
allocation decisions are made without any direction on the allocation of the
center. The decision is the result of independent decisions made by producers
and individual consumers. Such systems are known as free market economic
system, or simply known as the market economy. In the current economic decision
berhubngan basic premises of economic issues but nonetheless coordinated
decentralized. The main coordination tool is the market price set by the
market. That's why the free market system is often called the price system,
which is an increase or decrease in the price is determined by the balance
between supply and demand in the market.
4. Mixed
Systems
Traditional economic system wholly
or fully controlled by central or completely free market is pure types are
useful for studying the basic principles. But when we look in detail sitem real
economy anywhere. We mendaparkan that economic behavior is the result of a sort
of mix of central control and determination of the market with a certain amount
of traditional behavior anyway. In practice all the economic system is a mixed
economy, in this system combines three previous systems in determining economic
behavior.
CHAPTER. III
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Economy comes from the Greek words (oikos) which means "family,
household" and (nomos), or "rules, regulations, laws," and
broadly defined as "home rule" or "household management."
While is an economic expert or economist is a person using economic concepts
and data in the work.
According to Samuelson, Economics is the study of how groups of people
choose to use limited production resources that have alternative uses, to
produce various commodities and distribute them to other groups.
Supplies are limited because people have the desire (desire) that is
greater than what can be produced by an economic process. Economic objects is
limited, so people have to use and choose among the items that the limited
number that can be produced with existing resources.
Production efficiency occurs when all available resources is done so that
the maximum rank on production can not be increased further without
compromising / reduce the production of other goods. If too much unemployment,
then the inefficiency of human resources so that the economy was on the charts
PPF (production-possibility frontier).
There are 4
economic systems, traditional economy, led, market, and mixed economies. To
date most countries adopt a mixed system in which there is a combination of
three existing systems.
REFERENCES
Rides, Jaka and Kirbrandoko, 1995, Introduction to Micro Economics Volume
I, First printing Translation, Binarupa script, Jakarta
Disusun Oleh
Nama : SYAHRU RAMADHAN
Npm : 12209023
Kelas : 4 EA 07
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
